A practical route formula
CEX-to-CEX routes deduct trading and withdrawal fees. DEX routes also include swap fees, gas, and price impact. Bridge cost applies only when a bridge is part of the route.
Net = sale proceeds − purchase cost − trading fees − withdrawal − gas − swap fee − slippage
An estimate needs a buffer
An unknown or stale fee is not zero. Marking the estimate incomplete and applying a conservative buffer is safer than displaying false precision.
Updated: 2026-07-18
Frequently asked questions
Can all fee percentages simply be added?
Only after converting them to a common basis; some fees use quote, others use base, while gas is paid in a native token.
Why can the final result be worse than estimated?
Prices may move, fills may be partial, actual fees may differ, or slippage may be larger.